'production process'

Ladhani Metal Corporation offers Half Round Tube Shields for LTSH (Low Temperature Superheater) Tubes, Type-III design, specially engineered to protect boiler tubes against erosion, oxidation, and damage from high-velocity flue gases and abrasive ash particles. LTSH tubes are positioned in the convection pass of boilers and are frequently exposed to erosive environments that cause tube thinning and premature failures. The Type-III Half Round Shield provides enhanced coverage and mechanical strength, ensuring longer operational life and improved reliability of boiler tube systems. Function of LTSH Tubes • Carry steam through the low-temperature superheater section of the boiler • Operate in moderate-to-high flue gas velocity zones with ash-laden environments • Require Half Round Tube Shields to minimize erosion, scaling, and tube wear Ladhani Metal Corporation manufactures, supplies, and exports Half Round Tube Shields for LTSH, Type-III, in customized sizes, radii, and thicknesses, meeting the requirements of domestic and international boiler systems. Available Grades • SS 304 / SS 304L • SS 310 / SS 310S • SS 316 / SS 316L • SS 410 / SS 420 / SS 430 • 1Cr13 • 1Cr18Ni9Ti • 1Cr20Ni14Si2 • 1Cr25Ni20Si2 • Cr23Ni13 • Cr25Ni20 Applications: Specifically designed for low-temperature superheater sections in thermal power plants, WHRBs, HRSGs, and industrial boilers where erosion protection is critical. Uses • Shields LTSH tubes from erosion, oxidation, and soot blower impact • Prevents thinning and premature tube failures in convection zone boilers • Enhances tube reliability and efficiency in high-wear boiler sections • Reduces maintenance frequency and downtime in large-scale power plants Features • Excellent erosion and oxidation resistance in boiler atmospheres • High thermal stability under fluctuating operating conditions • Manufactured from stainless steels and heat-resistant alloys • Precision-engineered to match Type-III LTSH tube design for proper fitment Applications • Power generation boilers – Provides reliable protection for LTSH sections • Waste heat recovery boilers – Guards tubes against high-velocity flue gas streams • HRSGs – Shields superheater tubes in heat recovery systems • Industrial boilers – Ensures long-term tube safety and efficiency in steam production Conclusion The Half Round Tube Shield for LTSH, Type-III, by Ladhani Metal Corporation provides robust, long-lasting protection for boiler tubes operating in erosive and oxidizing conditions. Available in a wide range of grades including SS 304/304L, 310/310S, 316/316L, 410/420/430, 1Cr13, 1Cr18Ni9Ti, 1Cr20Ni14Si2, 1Cr25Ni20Si2, Cr23Ni13, and Cr25Ni20, these shields are manufactured to international quality standards for global supply. For technical support and supply requirements, contact Ladhani Metal Corporation. #Mumbai #Pune #Ahmedabad #Vadodara #Surat #Rajkot #Jamnagar #Bharuch #Ankleshwar #Vapi #Delhi #Faridabad #Ghaziabad #Noida #Gurugram #Chennai #Coimbatore #Tiruchirappalli #Hyderabad #Visakhapatnam #Vijayawada #Bangalore #Mangalore #Mysore #Kolkata #Durgapur #Asansol #Bhubaneswar #Rourkela #Raipur #Bhilai #Bilaspur #Nagpur #Nashik #Aurangabad #Indore #Bhopal #Jabalpur #Kanpur #Lucknow #Varanasi #Jaipur #Kota #Udaipur #Jodhpur #Chandigarh #Ludhiana #Jalandhar #Haridwar #Dehradun #Agra #Meerut #Aligarh #Moradabad #Bareilly #Mathura #Gwalior #Rewa #Satna #Sagar #Ujjain #Ratlam #Solapur #Kolhapur #Amravati #Akola #Jalgaon #Latur #Sangli #Nanded #Gandhinagar #Bhavnagar #Mehsana #Surendranagar #Junagadh #Nadiad #Nizamabad #Karimnagar #Warangal #Kurnool #Nellore #Tirupati #Madurai #Tirunelveli #Thoothukudi #Belgaum #Hubli #Tumkur #Sambalpur #Jamshedpur #Ranchi #Dhanbad #Patna #Muzaffarpur#halftubeshield #utypehalftubeshield #tubeshieldexporter #TubeShield #HalfTubeShield #SSHalfRoundShield #BoilerTubeShield #BoilerShield #TubeProtection #Tubeshieldmanufacturer #BoilerTubeProtection #SSTubeShield #MetalIndustry #SteelFabrication #IndustrialShielding #SS304Shield #SS316Shield #StainlessSteelShield #WeldOnShield #WeldedTubeShield #TubeCladding #BoilerTubeSleeve #TubeSleeve #MetalFabrication #PowerPlantSupplies #RefineryEquipment #ProcessIndustry #MetalComponent #TubeShieldForBoilers #BoilerParts #SteelSolutions #TubeShieldManufacturer #TubeShieldSupplier #SSShielding #IndustrialTubeShield #BoilerTubeGuard #CustomMetalParts #SteelIndustryIndia #MetalEngineering #HeavyIndustrySupply #StainlessSteelIndia #SteelExporters #MetalComponentExport #FabricatedProducts #SteelDealer #IndustrialSupplyIndia #BoilerTubeFittings #TubeShieldingSolutions #HalfTubeCover #HeatExchangerShield #HalfRoundReheaterShield #ReheaterTubeShield #BoilerReheaterProtection #PowerPlantTubeShield #BoilerErosionShield #SteamBoilerTubeShield #HighTempTubeShield #BoilerWearProtection

QUALITY STANDARD MATERIAL NO. OLD DESIGNATION DC03 DIN EN 10130 1.0347 St 13-03 The deep drawing grade DC03 is specified according to the standard DIN EN 10130, which focuses on cold-rolled flat products made of soft steels for cold forming. This standard defines the technical requirements and test methods for cold-rolled products used in various industrial applications, particularly where high demands are placed on surface quality and mechanical properties. DC03 is a low-carbon steel characterized by excellent cold formability. The chemical composition of DC03 is precisely defined to ensure that the material has the required mechanical properties. Typically, DC03 contains a maximum of 0.10% carbon, a maximum of 0.45% manganese and traces of phosphorus and sulphur. This small amount of alloying elements contributes to the good formability and weldability of the steel. The mechanical properties of DC03 are also clearly defined. The material has a yield strength of at least 140 MPa and a tensile strength of between 270 and 370 MPa. In addition, DC03 has an elongation at break of at least 34%, which underlines its excellent formability. These properties make DC03 particularly suitable for the production of complex components that require high precision and surface quality, such as body parts in the automotive industry or household appliances. The DIN EN 10130 standard also specifies the tolerances for dimensions, shape and surface finish. These tolerances are crucial to ensure consistently high product quality and to meet the requirements of end users. The surface of the cold-rolled flat products can be supplied in various qualities, from matt to glossy, to meet the specific requirements of different applications. The DIN EN 10152 standard specifies electrolytically galvanized, cold-rolled flat steel products for cold forming, including the deep-drawing grade DC03. This standard defines the requirements for the zinc coating and the basic mechanical properties of the base material. DC03, when electrolytically galvanized in accordance with DIN EN 10152, is given an additional corrosion protection layer of zinc. This layer protects the material from oxidative influences and significantly increases the service life of the components made from it. The zinc coating can be applied in various thicknesses, depending on the specific requirements of the application. Typical coating thicknesses range from 5 to 20 µm. The chemical composition and mechanical properties of the base material DC03 remain unchanged after galvanizing and meet the requirements of DIN EN 10130. DC03 therefore retains its excellent cold formability and mechanical performance. The yield strength, tensile strength and elongation at break also remain in the same range as for ungalvanized DC03. In addition to mechanical performance, the quality of the zinc coating is of central importance. The DIN EN 10152 standard specifies the requirements for the uniformity of the coating, the adhesive strength of the zinc and the surface quality. These requirements ensure that the galvanized products offer high corrosion resistance and an aesthetically pleasing surface. The use of DC03 in accordance with DIN EN 10152 is widespread in the automotive industry, in the construction industry and in the manufacture of household appliances, where improved corrosion resistance is required in addition to high formability. Electrolytic galvanizing offers optimum protection here without impairing the excellent mechanical properties of the base material. In summary, it can be said that the deep-drawing grade DC03 offers a wide range of applications in accordance with both DIN EN 10130 and DIN EN 10152. While DIN EN 10130 focuses on high formability and surface quality, DIN EN 10152 supplements these properties with improved corrosion resistance thanks to the zinc coating. Both standards ensure that DC03 is a reliable and high-quality material for numerous industrial applications. Cold-rolled flat steel DC03, produced in accordance with the DIN EN 10130 and DIN EN 10152 standards, offers a number of advantages for applications in the cold forming process. While DIN EN 10130 defines the basic requirements for chemical composition, mechanical properties and surface quality, DIN EN 10152 extends these specifications to include specific conditions for electrolytically galvanized products that offer additional corrosion protection. Both standards together ensure that DC03 is a versatile material with high quality and durability.

QUALITY STANDARD MATERIAL NO. OLD DESIGNATION DC03 DIN EN 10130 1.0347 St 13-03 The deep drawing grade DC03 is specified according to the standard DIN EN 10130, which focuses on cold-rolled flat products made of soft steels for cold forming. This standard defines the technical requirements and test methods for cold-rolled products used in various industrial applications, particularly where high demands are placed on surface quality and mechanical properties. DC03 is a low-carbon steel characterized by excellent cold formability. The chemical composition of DC03 is precisely defined to ensure that the material has the required mechanical properties. Typically, DC03 contains a maximum of 0.10% carbon, a maximum of 0.45% manganese and traces of phosphorus and sulphur. This small amount of alloying elements contributes to the good formability and weldability of the steel. The mechanical properties of DC03 are also clearly defined. The material has a yield strength of at least 140 MPa and a tensile strength of between 270 and 370 MPa. In addition, DC03 has an elongation at break of at least 34%, which underlines its excellent formability. These properties make DC03 particularly suitable for the production of complex components that require high precision and surface quality, such as body parts in the automotive industry or household appliances. The DIN EN 10130 standard also specifies the tolerances for dimensions, shape and surface finish. These tolerances are crucial to ensure consistently high product quality and to meet the requirements of end users. The surface of the cold-rolled flat products can be supplied in various qualities, from matt to glossy, to meet the specific requirements of different applications. The DIN EN 10152 standard specifies electrolytically galvanized, cold-rolled flat steel products for cold forming, including the deep-drawing grade DC03. This standard defines the requirements for the zinc coating and the basic mechanical properties of the base material. DC03, when electrolytically galvanized in accordance with DIN EN 10152, is given an additional corrosion protection layer of zinc. This layer protects the material from oxidative influences and significantly increases the service life of the components made from it. The zinc coating can be applied in various thicknesses, depending on the specific requirements of the application. Typical coating thicknesses range from 5 to 20 µm. The chemical composition and mechanical properties of the base material DC03 remain unchanged after galvanizing and meet the requirements of DIN EN 10130. DC03 therefore retains its excellent cold formability and mechanical performance. The yield strength, tensile strength and elongation at break also remain in the same range as for ungalvanized DC03. In addition to mechanical performance, the quality of the zinc coating is of central importance. The DIN EN 10152 standard specifies the requirements for the uniformity of the coating, the adhesive strength of the zinc and the surface quality. These requirements ensure that the galvanized products offer high corrosion resistance and an aesthetically pleasing surface. The use of DC03 in accordance with DIN EN 10152 is widespread in the automotive industry, in the construction industry and in the manufacture of household appliances, where improved corrosion resistance is required in addition to high formability. Electrolytic galvanizing offers optimum protection here without impairing the excellent mechanical properties of the base material. In summary, it can be said that the deep-drawing grade DC03 offers a wide range of applications in accordance with both DIN EN 10130 and DIN EN 10152. While DIN EN 10130 focuses on high formability and surface quality, DIN EN 10152 supplements these properties with improved corrosion resistance thanks to the zinc coating. Both standards ensure that DC03 is a reliable and high-quality material for numerous industrial applications. Cold-rolled flat steel DC03, produced in accordance with the DIN EN 10130 and DIN EN 10152 standards, offers a number of advantages for applications in the cold forming process. While DIN EN 10130 defines the basic requirements for chemical composition, mechanical properties and surface quality, DIN EN 10152 extends these specifications to include specific conditions for electrolytically galvanized products that offer additional corrosion protection. Both standards together ensure that DC03 is a versatile material with high quality and durability.

QUALITY STANDARD MATERIAL NO. OLD DESIGNATION DC04 DIN EN 10130 1.0338 St 14-03 The special deep-drawing grade DC04 is specified in accordance with the standard DIN EN 10130, which focuses on cold-rolled flat products made of soft steels for cold forming. This standard specifies the technical requirements and test methods for cold-rolled products that are important in numerous industrial applications, especially where high formability and excellent surface quality are required. DC04 is a low-carbon steel that impresses with its exceptional cold formability. The chemical composition of DC04 is precisely balanced to ensure that the material has the desired mechanical properties. The carbon content in DC04 is typically a maximum of 0.08 %, while the manganese content is a maximum of 0.40 %. This composition supports the high formability and weldability of the steel, making it ideal for demanding forming processes. The mechanical properties of DC04 are characterized by a low yield strength of maximum 210 MPa and a tensile strength between 270 and 350 MPa. Particularly noteworthy is the high elongation at break of at least 38%, which illustrates the excellent formability of the material. These properties make DC04 a preferred choice for the production of complex components that require high precision and surface quality, such as car body components in the automotive industry or filigree parts in the electronics industry. The DIN EN 10130 standard also specifies the tolerances for dimensions, shape and surface finish. These tolerances are crucial to ensure consistently high product quality and to meet the requirements of end users. The surface of the cold-rolled flat products can be supplied in various qualities, from matt to high-gloss, to meet the specific requirements of different applications. The DIN EN 10152 standard specifies electrolytically galvanized, cold-rolled flat steel products for cold forming, including the special deep-drawing grade DC04. This standard defines the requirements for the zinc coating and the basic mechanical properties of the base material. DC04, when electrolytically galvanized in accordance with DIN EN 10152, is given an additional corrosion protection layer of zinc. This layer protects the material from oxidative influences and significantly increases the service life of the components made from it. The zinc coating can be applied in various thicknesses, depending on the specific requirements of the application. Typical coating thicknesses range from 5 to 20 µm. The chemical composition and mechanical properties of the base material DC04 remain unchanged even after galvanizing and meet the requirements of DIN EN 10130. DC04 therefore retains its excellent cold formability and mechanical performance. In addition to mechanical performance, the quality of the zinc coating is of central importance. The DIN EN 10152 standard specifies the requirements for the uniformity of the coating, the adhesive strength of the zinc and the surface quality. These requirements ensure that the galvanized products offer high corrosion resistance and an aesthetically pleasing surface. The use of DC04 in accordance with DIN EN 10152 is widespread in the automotive industry, the construction industry and in the manufacture of household appliances, where improved corrosion resistance is required in addition to high formability. Electrolytic galvanizing offers optimum protection here without impairing the excellent mechanical properties of the base material. DC04 and DC01 are both cold-rolled, unalloyed quality steels that are used for various industrial applications. While DC01 serves as the standard grade for general cold forming processes, DC04 is characterized by improved deep-drawing properties and higher ductility. This comparison highlights the differences between the two materials in terms of chemical composition, mechanical properties and typical applications. Chemical composition The chemical composition influences the formability and weldability of the steel. Both steels are made of carbon steel, but DC04 has a lower carbon content, which supports its improved cold formability. Thanks to the lower carbon and Sulphur content, DC04 offers improved deep-drawing capability as less intergranular embrittlement occurs. Mechanical properties The mechanical properties are decisive for the forming processes and the behavior of the steel under load. DC04 has a lower yield strength and higher elongation, which makes the material easier to form. The lower yield strength and increased minimum elongation of DC04 make this material ideal for demanding forming processes such as deep drawing.

QUALITY STANDARD MATERIAL NO. OLD DESIGNATION DC04 DIN EN 10130 1.0338 St 14-03 The special deep-drawing grade DC04 is specified in accordance with the standard DIN EN 10130, which focuses on cold-rolled flat products made of soft steels for cold forming. This standard specifies the technical requirements and test methods for cold-rolled products that are important in numerous industrial applications, especially where high formability and excellent surface quality are required. DC04 is a low-carbon steel that impresses with its exceptional cold formability. The chemical composition of DC04 is precisely balanced to ensure that the material has the desired mechanical properties. The carbon content in DC04 is typically a maximum of 0.08 %, while the manganese content is a maximum of 0.40 %. This composition supports the high formability and weldability of the steel, making it ideal for demanding forming processes. The mechanical properties of DC04 are characterized by a low yield strength of maximum 210 MPa and a tensile strength between 270 and 350 MPa. Particularly noteworthy is the high elongation at break of at least 38%, which illustrates the excellent formability of the material. These properties make DC04 a preferred choice for the production of complex components that require high precision and surface quality, such as car body components in the automotive industry or filigree parts in the electronics industry. The DIN EN 10130 standard also specifies the tolerances for dimensions, shape and surface finish. These tolerances are crucial to ensure consistently high product quality and to meet the requirements of end users. The surface of the cold-rolled flat products can be supplied in various qualities, from matt to high-gloss, to meet the specific requirements of different applications. The DIN EN 10152 standard specifies electrolytically galvanized, cold-rolled flat steel products for cold forming, including the special deep-drawing grade DC04. This standard defines the requirements for the zinc coating and the basic mechanical properties of the base material. DC04, when electrolytically galvanized in accordance with DIN EN 10152, is given an additional corrosion protection layer of zinc. This layer protects the material from oxidative influences and significantly increases the service life of the components made from it. The zinc coating can be applied in various thicknesses, depending on the specific requirements of the application. Typical coating thicknesses range from 5 to 20 µm. The chemical composition and mechanical properties of the base material DC04 remain unchanged even after galvanizing and meet the requirements of DIN EN 10130. DC04 therefore retains its excellent cold formability and mechanical performance. In addition to mechanical performance, the quality of the zinc coating is of central importance. The DIN EN 10152 standard specifies the requirements for the uniformity of the coating, the adhesive strength of the zinc and the surface quality. These requirements ensure that the galvanized products offer high corrosion resistance and an aesthetically pleasing surface. The use of DC04 in accordance with DIN EN 10152 is widespread in the automotive industry, the construction industry and in the manufacture of household appliances, where improved corrosion resistance is required in addition to high formability. Electrolytic galvanizing offers optimum protection here without impairing the excellent mechanical properties of the base material. DC04 and DC01 are both cold-rolled, unalloyed quality steels that are used for various industrial applications. While DC01 serves as the standard grade for general cold forming processes, DC04 is characterized by improved deep-drawing properties and higher ductility. This comparison highlights the differences between the two materials in terms of chemical composition, mechanical properties and typical applications. Chemical composition The chemical composition influences the formability and weldability of the steel. Both steels are made of carbon steel, but DC04 has a lower carbon content, which supports its improved cold formability. Thanks to the lower carbon and Sulphur content, DC04 offers improved deep-drawing capability as less intergranular embrittlement occurs. Mechanical properties The mechanical properties are decisive for the forming processes and the behavior of the steel under load. DC04 has a lower yield strength and higher elongation, which makes the material easier to form. The lower yield strength and increased minimum elongation of DC04 make this material ideal for demanding forming processes such as deep drawing.

Product Name: Titanium 6al4v plate Standard: ASTM B265 , AMS 4911 , ASTM F136 Material: Gr5 Unit Price: $19.5usd/kg-$48usd/kg Thickness: 0.3-100mm Length: 500-6000mm Or As You Require Width: 500-1000mm Or As You Require Surface: Pickling, Polishing, Sand Blasting There are several advantages to using titanium sheet metal: 1. High strength-to-weight ratio: Titanium is known for its high strength-to-weight ratio, which means that it is strong but lightweight. This makes it ideal for use in applications where weight is a concern, such as aerospace and sports equipment. 2. Corrosion resistance: Titanium is highly resistant to corrosion, making it suitable for use in harsh environments where other metals would quickly deteriorate. This makes it ideal for use in marine and chemical processing applications. 3. Biocompatibility: Titanium is biocompatible, meaning that it is not harmful to living tissue. This makes it ideal for use in medical implants and prosthetics. 4. High melting point: Titanium has a high melting point, making it suitable for use in high-temperature applications such as jet engines. 5. Ductility: Titanium is highly ductile, meaning that it can be easily formed into a variety of shapes and sizes without breaking. This makes it ideal for use in complex designs and applications. Applications: Widely used in petroleum, chemical, rubber, pesticides, dyes, medicine, food, and used to complete vulcanization, nitration, hydrogenation, polymerization, condensation and other technical processes. Such as reverberator, reverberation kettle, differentiation pot, polymerization kettle. Titanium 6al4v plate Chemical compositions(weight%,<=) Ti Al V Fe C Remainder 5.5-6.75 3.5-4.5 0.30 0.08 N H O Other(total) 0.05 0.015 0.2 0.4 Physical properties(>=) Σb Tensile Strength (Mpa) σr0.2 Yield Strength (Mpa) δL0+50mm Elongation (%) ψ Reduction of area (%) 895 830 8-12 18-30 Titanium 6al4v plates in stock: Thickness: 1mm 2mm 4mm 5mm 6mm 8mm 10mm 12mm 15mm 20mm 25mm Size: 1000*2000mm 3000*6000mm The production process of titanium plate: 1. Hot forging:casting skills above the metal recrystallization temperature; 2. Hot rolling:the rolling process performed at a temperature higher than the recrystallization temperature; 3. Cold rolling:the rolling process where the plastic deformation temperature is lower than the recovery temperature; 4. Annealing: slowly heating the metal to a certain temperature, insisting on meeting the time, and then cooling at an appropriate speed a metal heat treatment technology; 5. Pickling: immersing the parts in an aqueous solution such as sulfuric acid to remove the oxide and other thin films on the metal surface. It is the pretreatment or process treatment of electroplating, enamel, rolling and other skills.

Product name:Titanium sheet for knife making Grades: Gr5(Ti6Al4V) Standard: ASTM B265/ASME B265 Dimension： Thickness*Width:200-3000mm*Length:500-6000mm Supply status: Annealed(M) Package: Carton or plywood case Usually, the titanium alloy plate used for knife is Grade 5 (Ti6Al4V). This grade titanium material is one of the most widely used materials in titanium alloys. It has the same advantages as pure titanium: corrosion resistance, non-toxic, light weight, etc. There are also many of other advantages over pure titanium: higher hardness, tensile strength, yield strength and elongation. Can meet the needs of making knife. Titanium is a good material for knives if your main concern is light weight and corrosion resistance. Titanium knives are ideal for anyone who spends a lot of time around water or performs jobs that require frequent blade cleaning. Product name:Titanium sheet for knife making Grades: Gr5(Ti6Al4V) Standard: ASTM B265/ASME B265 Dimension： Thickness1-150mm*Width:200-3000mm*Length:500-6000mm Supply status: Annealed(M) Package: Carton or plywood case. MTC: EN10204.3.1 certificate MOQ : 10kgs Titanium plate applications

Product Name: 20mm Titanium Round Bar Standard: ASTM B348 Material: GR1, GR2, GR5, GR7, GR12 Shape: Round, Square, Flat, Hex Diameter: 6-350mm Length: Max 6000mm Surface: Bright 20mm Titanium Round Bar Titanium rod is our main product. Unique titanium alloy manufactures and supplies titanium rods/rods in round, square and hexagonal bar forms. Available sizes from diameter 2.0 to diameter 400mm×L, length can reach 6m or cut to any size required by customers. For small diameter titanium rods (ф <18mm), we can make the tolerance H7. The production capacity reaches 100 tons per month. In addition, we have a large stock of bars as well as a large number of titanium ingots/blanks, which allows us to complete orders with minimal lead times.

Porduct name : Titanium clad Tubesheet Material: Titanium +steel,Titanium+stainless steel etc. Size &Standard: As per client drawing Production Method: Forging,annealing and machining Advantage: Excellent corrosion resistance ability Packing: Plywood case Application: Heat Exchanger, chemical equipment, Pressure Vessel, filter devices, etc. Titanium clad tubesheet Product Name Titanium clad tubesheet Base Metal All types of steel and stainless steel ,sopper etc. Clad Metal Titanium GR2 Gr7 Gr9 Gr12 etc. Dimension Customized Standard ASTM Shape Round Certificates ISO9001, Mill Test Report, Certificate 3.1, EN, Ultrasonic Certificate Applied Equipment Pressure Vessels, Boilers, Containers Application Power Generation, Industry Refrigeration, Oil&Gas, Chemical&Petrochemical Exported Countries USA, Australia, Russia, Bahrain, Venezuela, Greece, Korea, Indonesia etc. Explosive Welding Technical Advantage: →no limits of materials shape, thickness and area; →metallurgical bonding with high strength; →high performance of machining process; →improving the materials performance after bonding; →realizing multilayer materials clad;