Half Round Tube Shield Half Round Tube Shields by Ladhani Metal Corporation are precision-engineered components used to protect boiler and heat exchanger tubes from erosion, scaling, and high-temperature corrosion. These shields are widely applied in industrial systems exposed to thermal cycling, aggressive gases, and particulate flow. Their half-round shape allows for simple and secure installation over straight or curved tube surfaces, extending tube life and reducing maintenance needs. Cr23Ni13 U Type Half Round Tube Shield The Cr23Ni13 U Type Half Round Tube Shield is designed to provide high-temperature and corrosion protection for U-bend tube sections in critical thermal and process equipment. Made from Cr23Ni13, an austenitic stainless steel alloy containing approximately 23% chromium and 13% nickel, this shield offers excellent resistance to oxidation, scaling, and carburization. It is particularly effective in applications involving fluctuating temperatures, aggressive gas streams, and surface wear. The U-type design ensures complete protection of both the inner and outer arcs of curved tubes, where damage due to thermal and flow-induced stress is most likely to occur. • Outer U Type Half Round Tube Shield – Protects the outer bend radius from slag accumulation, flame impingement, and flue gas erosion. • Inner U Type Half Round Tube Shield – Shields the inner arc against turbulent flow wear, scale formation, and heat-induced deformation. Ladhani Metal Corporation supplies Cr23Ni13 U Type Half Round Tube Shields for use in high-performance industrial systems requiring reliable operation under thermal and chemical stress. Chemical Composition of Cr23Ni13 – Austenitic Heat-Resistant Stainless Steel • Carbon (C): ≤ 0.15% • Manganese (Mn): ≤ 1.50% • Phosphorus (P): ≤ 0.035% • Sulfur (S): ≤ 0.030% • Silicon (Si): ≤ 1.50% • Chromium (Cr): 22.0 – 24.0% • Nickel (Ni): 12.0 – 14.0% • Iron (Fe): Balance Applications: Best suited for high-temperature applications requiring good resistance to oxidation, thermal fatigue, and moderate carburizing or corrosive environments. Uses • Protection of U-bend tubes in superheaters, reheaters, and boiler coils in thermal power plants • Shielding of tube bends in chemical reformers, preheaters, and gas-fired furnaces • Guarding return bends in WHRBs and HRSGs exposed to particulate-laden flue gases and cyclic heating • Coverage for high-temperature tube curves in petrochemical and refining units • Ideal for heavy industrial systems operating under oxidizing and moderately corrosive gas flow Features • Excellent heat resistance – Withstands continuous operation in high-temperature conditions while resisting scaling and oxidation. • Good corrosion resistance – Chromium and nickel content provide stability in oxidizing and mildly corrosive environments. • U-bend coverage – Available in inner and outer U-type designs for complete tube bend protection. • Precision fitment – Custom-engineered to match the tube's radius and diameter for a secure, stable installation. • Fast installation – Can be attached using clamps, tack welding, or stainless banding without interrupting system operation. • Long-lasting durability – Designed to endure thermal cycling and mechanical wear, reducing the need for frequent replacements. Applications • thermal and industrial boilers – Used in U-bends of superheaters and reheaters to prevent scaling, wear, and fatigue cracking. Enhances heat transfer and reliability. • petrochemical industries – Installed in high-temperature processing units such as reformers and gas converters to guard against carburizing gas streams. • waste heat recovery systems – Protects U-bend tubes in WHRBs and HRSGs from slag erosion and high-temperature oxidation. • chemical processing plants – Suitable for heat exchanger tube bends handling oxidizing gases and acidic vapors at elevated temperatures. • metallurgy and furnace systems – Shields return bends and elbows in air preheaters, combustion chambers, and radiant heating tubes. Conclusion The Cr23Ni13 U Type Half Round Tube Shield by Ladhani Metal Corporation offers durable and effective protection for U-bend tube sections in high-temperature and moderate corrosion service. With its balanced chromium-nickel composition, this shield ensures reliable resistance to oxidation, scaling, and erosion in demanding thermal environments. Designed for precision fit, quick installation, and long-term performance, it supports the safe and efficient operation of power plants, chemical processing systems, and heavy industrial boilers. For technical consultation, custom orders, or quotations, please contact Ladhani Metal Corporation.

DIN 2573 Inconel Flanges PN 6 are precision-manufactured low-pressure plate flanges made from high-performance Inconel alloys, specifically engineered for highly corrosive and thermally challenging environments. Compliant with DIN 2573 standards, these flanges are ideally suited for low-pressure applications that demand exceptional resistance to oxidation, acids, and high-temperature stress. Inconel’s unique properties make these flanges suitable for aggressive processing systems in industries such as chemical manufacturing, petrochemicals, marine, power generation, and aerospace. Ladhani Metal Corporation is a recognized manufacturer and global supplier of Inconel alloy flanges, delivering premium-quality components built to international specifications. The DIN 2573 plate flange design ensures straightforward installation while providing excellent sealing reliability, especially in environments where conventional materials may degrade rapidly. Pressure Rating: • PN 6 (6 bar / 87 psi): Designed for low-pressure systems that operate under harsh chemical, thermal, or oxidative conditions, providing long-term durability and consistent performance. Flange Types: • Plate Flanges Flat-ring type flanges used in systems where welding and bolting are required, with gasket sealing for low-pressure flow lines. • Flat Face (FF) Flanges Used with flat gaskets and mating surfaces, especially in brittle or cast systems where full contact and load distribution are critical. • Slip-On Flanges Ease of installation and alignment with the pipe make these ideal for maintenance-friendly or modular low-pressure piping. • Custom-Machined Flanges Precision-machined to customer-defined sizes, Inconel grades, drilling standards, and flange face finishes. Inconel Grades and Composition: 1. Inconel 600 (UNS N06600) Composition: • Nickel (Ni): ≥ 72% • Chromium (Cr): 14.0 – 17.0% • Iron (Fe): 6.0 – 10.0% • Manganese (Mn), Silicon (Si), Carbon (C): Trace amounts Applications: Commonly used in heat exchangers, furnace components, and food processing equipment exposed to high temperatures and oxidizing chemicals. 2. Inconel 625 (UNS N06625) Composition: • Nickel (Ni): ≥ 58.0% • Chromium (Cr): 20.0 – 23.0% • Molybdenum (Mo): 8.0 – 10.0% • Niobium (Nb): 3.15 – 4.15% Applications: Ideal for seawater equipment, chemical processing plants, aerospace exhaust systems, and nuclear reactors due to excellent resistance to pitting, crevice corrosion, and stress corrosion cracking. 3. Inconel 718 (UNS N07718) Composition: • Nickel (Ni): 50.0 – 55.0% • Chromium (Cr): 17.0 – 21.0% • Iron (Fe): Balance • Molybdenum (Mo): 2.8 – 3.3% • Niobium (Nb): 4.75 – 5.5% • Titanium (Ti): 0.65 – 1.15% • Aluminum (Al): 0.2 – 0.8% Applications: Primarily used in aerospace, gas turbines, and cryogenic systems due to its exceptional high-temperature strength, oxidation resistance, and good weldability. It is ideal for use in extreme thermal environments, such as turbine engines and high-pressure systems. Applications of DIN 2573 Inconel Flanges: • Chemical and Acid Processing Plants: Withstand highly corrosive chemicals such as nitric, hydrochloric, and sulfuric acid under thermal cycling. • Power Generation and Heat Exchangers: Resist oxidation and high-temperature fatigue in boiler feed systems, turbine piping, and condensate lines. • Marine and Offshore Installations: Provide excellent resistance to seawater, salt spray, and chloride-induced stress corrosion cracking. • Aerospace and Jet Engine Systems: Used in fuel, exhaust, and cooling systems where heat and corrosion resistance are critical. • Environmental and Waste Treatment Facilities: Endure aggressive chemical waste, thermal gradients, and acidic sludges in scrubbing and exhaust ducting systems. Key Features: • Designed according to DIN 2573 standards • PN 6 rating for low-pressure service with high chemical and thermal loads • Outstanding resistance to acids, chlorides, oxidation, and high temperatures • Available in Inconel 600, 625, 718, and other high-nickel alloys • Low maintenance and long service life in corrosive environments • Machinable for customized face types and bolt hole configurations Conclusion: DIN 2573 Inconel Flanges PN 6 from Ladhani Metal Corporation are engineered for performance in chemically aggressive and thermally intense low-pressure systems. With superior corrosion and heat resistance, these flanges are a critical component in applications where traditional materials fail. For specific alloy recommendations, custom dimensions, or technical support, contact Ladhani Metal Corporation today.

DIN 2545 Inconel flanges are engineered for superior strength, excellent resistance to high temperatures, and remarkable corrosion resistance in extreme environments. Ladhani Metal Corporation provides these high-quality flanges made from Inconel alloys, known for their ability to endure elevated temperatures, oxidation, and corrosive conditions. These flanges are ideal for industries where performance under high-temperature stress and resistance to harsh environments are essential, such as aerospace, chemical processing, power generation, and marine. Types of DIN 2545 Inconel Flanges: Flat Face Flanges (FF) – These flanges have a flat surface that facilitates uniform distribution of the sealing force, making them ideal for low-pressure systems or when a secure seal is required. Raised Face Flanges (RF) – Raised face flanges feature a raised area around the bolt holes, providing enhanced sealing pressure, making them suitable for high-pressure environments. Ring-Type Joint (RTJ) Flanges – Designed with a groove for a metal sealing ring, these flanges are ideal for applications requiring resistance to high pressure and high temperatures. Grades and Chemical Composition: Inconel 600 (UNS N06600) Chemical Composition: Ni: 72%, Cr: 14-17%, Fe: balance, Mn: 1%, Si: 0.5%, C: 0.15% Inconel 600 is known for its excellent resistance to oxidation and corrosion at elevated temperatures. It is widely used in applications like furnace components, chemical processing, and nuclear reactors, offering high strength and good workability. Inconel 625 (UNS N06625) Chemical Composition: Ni: 58%, Cr: 20-23%, Mo: 8-10%, Fe: 5%, Nb: 3.15-4.15%, Ti: 0.4-1% Inconel 625 is a nickel-based alloy that offers superior resistance to high-temperature oxidation and corrosion. It provides exceptional resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion, making it ideal for applications in aerospace, marine, and chemical industries, where high temperatures and corrosive environments are common. Inconel 718 (UNS N07718) Chemical Composition: Ni: 50-55%, Cr: 17-21%, Fe: 0-5%, Mo: 2.8-3.3%, Nb+Ta: 4.75-5.5%, Ti: 0.65-1.15%, Al: 0.2-0.8% Inconel 718 is a high-strength, corrosion-resistant alloy widely used in high-temperature applications. It is designed for use in extreme conditions, offering excellent resistance to oxidation, sulfidation, and high-temperature environments. PN 40 Pressure Rating: The "PN" rating indicates the flange's pressure capacity. PN 40 refers to flanges that are designed to withstand pressures up to 40 bar, making them suitable for high-pressure systems where secure, leak-free connections are essential. Applications: Aerospace Industry: Jet Engines and Turbomachinery: Inconel flanges are commonly used in aerospace applications, including jet engines and turbine systems, where components are exposed to extremely high temperatures and pressures. They provide excellent resistance to heat and corrosion in high-stress environments. Exhaust Systems: Inconel's ability to withstand high temperatures makes it ideal for use in exhaust systems of aircraft engines. 2. Power Generation Industry: Gas Turbines: Inconel flanges are used in gas turbines in power plants, particularly in components that operate at high temperatures, such as turbine blades, combustors, and other critical parts. Nuclear Power Plants: Inconel is used in the construction of components for nuclear reactors, where heat and radiation resistance are crucial. It is used in piping, valves, and other systems exposed to high-temperature nuclear environments. 3. Chemical Processing and Petrochemical Industries: High-Temperature Reactors: Inconel flanges are used in reactors, heat exchangers, and other equipment in the chemical industry that handle aggressive, high-temperature chemical reactions, including those with sulfuric acid, chlorine, and other corrosive substances. Petrochemical Refineries: Inconel is used in systems where high temperatures and reactive chemicals are present, offering superior performance in handling corrosive materials such as acids and hydrocarbons. 4. Oil and Gas Industry: Offshore Platforms: Inconel flanges are widely used in offshore oil and gas platforms, particularly in subsea pipelines, risers, and pressure vessels, where high resistance to both high pressure and corrosion (especially from seawater) is necessary. Wellhead Equipment: Inconel flanges are also used in downhole equipment and wellhead connections that need to resist high-pressure environments and exposure to extreme temperatures. Ladhani Metal Corporation ensures that each Inconel flange is produced to the highest standards of quality and precision, adhering to international specifications. Every flange undergoes thorough testing to meet the required durability and performance standards, providing reliable solutions for critical applications in the most challenging environments. #din2545 #din2545flanges #din2545inconelflanges #flanges #flangessupplier

DIN 2544 is a German standard for flanges used in piping systems, detailing dimensions, design, and testing methods. Titanium flanges conforming to this standard are designed for use in high-performance environments that demand excellent strength, corrosion resistance, and low weight. Titanium is known for its excellent corrosion resistance, particularly in environments like seawater, chemical processing, and heat exchangers. DIN 2544 titanium flanges are specifically built to withstand aggressive conditions, including high temperatures and corrosive environments, while offering a lightweight alternative to other materials like stainless steel. Key Features of DIN 2544 Titanium Flanges: Material: Titanium flanges are made from titanium alloys, which are highly resistant to corrosion, oxidation, and erosion. Titanium is also known for its strength-to-weight ratio, being strong yet much lighter than many other metals, including stainless steel. Corrosion Resistance: Titanium flanges are ideal for systems exposed to harsh environments, such as saltwater, acids, and chlorides. They are widely used in marine, chemical, and offshore oil and gas applications. Temperature Resistance: Titanium flanges can operate in high-temperature environments, often up to 600°C (1,112°F) without degrading, depending on the specific titanium alloy used. Pressure Rating (PN 25): These flanges are typically rated for PN 25, meaning they can withstand pressures of up to 25 bar (approximately 362 psi) in a variety of applications. Types of DIN 2544 Titanium Flanges: Weld Neck Flanges: These flanges have a long neck that is welded to the pipe. They are ideal for high-pressure systems and applications requiring a strong, reliable connection. Slip-On Flanges: These flanges slide over the pipe and are then welded in place. They are generally used in systems where welding is easier, and the pressures are lower than those of weld neck flanges. Blind Flanges: Used to seal the ends of piping systems, these flanges have no hole in the center. They are often used for isolation and maintenance purposes. Threaded Flanges: These flanges have internal threads that match threaded pipes. They are convenient when welding is not practical or possible. Socket Weld Flanges: These flanges feature a socket where the pipe is inserted and welded into place. These are often used in smaller-diameter piping systems. Titanium Grades for Flanges: Grade 2 Titanium (Commercially Pure Titanium): Properties: Most commonly used grade, offering excellent corrosion resistance and formability. It has moderate strength and is used in a variety of industries like aerospace, chemical processing, and marine applications. Advantages: Excellent corrosion resistance in both seawater and chemical environments. Grade 5 Titanium (Ti-6Al-4V): Properties: An alloy with 6% aluminum and 4% vanadium, offering higher strength than grade 2 titanium, while still maintaining good corrosion resistance. Common in high-stress, high-temperature environments. Advantages: Used in aerospace, medical devices, and high-performance applications due to its superior strength and durability. Pressure Rating (PN 25): PN 25 indicates that the titanium flanges are rated to handle pressures of up to 25 bar (approximately 362 psi). This pressure class is suitable for medium to high-pressure applications, ensuring the flange can endure significant stress in various piping systems. #din2544 #din2544flanges #din2544titaniumflanges

DIN 2527 Titanium Blind Flanges are specialized components used to seal the open ends of pipes, vessels, or other equipment in industrial systems where no further connection is required. Made from Titanium alloys, these flanges offer a combination of high strength, excellent corrosion resistance, and light weight, making them an ideal choice for applications in demanding environments. Manufactured according to the DIN 2527 standard, these flanges ensure high levels of dimensional accuracy, pressure tolerance, and mechanical strength, which are critical for maintaining the integrity of piping systems. Material Composition of Titanium Alloys: Titanium alloys used for DIN 2527 Blind Flanges typically include: Grade 2 Titanium (Commercially Pure Titanium): Titanium (Ti): 99.2% min Iron (Fe): 0.30% max Oxygen (O): 0.25% max Carbon (C): 0.08% max Nitrogen (N): 0.03% max Hydrogen (H): 0.015% max Grade 5 Titanium (Ti-6Al-4V): Titanium (Ti): 90.0% min Aluminum (Al): 6.0% - 7.0% Vanadium (V): 3.5% - 4.5% Iron (Fe): 0.25% max Oxygen (O): 0.20% max Carbon (C): 0.10% max Nitrogen (N): 0.05% max Hydrogen (H): 0.015% max Key Features of DIN 2527 Titanium Blind Flanges: Corrosion Resistance: Titanium is highly resistant to corrosion, especially in chloride, seawater, and acidic environments, making Titanium Blind Flanges ideal for use in marine, chemical, and offshore applications. Titanium alloys offer superior resistance to pitting, crevice corrosion, and stress corrosion cracking, even in extreme environments like high salinity and acidic conditions. High Strength-to-Weight Ratio: Titanium has an excellent strength-to-weight ratio, making it significantly stronger than many steel alloys while being much lighter. This is particularly beneficial in industries where weight reduction is essential, such as aerospace and marine industries. Temperature Resistance: Titanium alloys can withstand high temperatures, with Grade 2 Titanium performing well at up to 400°C (752°F) and Grade 5 Titanium being suitable for continuous service at up to 400°C (752°F) as well, with intermittent exposure to even higher temperatures. Dimensional Accuracy and Pressure Class: DIN 2527 Titanium Blind Flanges are manufactured to precise dimensions, ensuring a secure seal within the piping system. Available in different pressure classes such as PN6, PN10, PN16, etc., ensuring compatibility with a wide range of piping systems. Design Options: Standard Blind Flange (Type A): A solid, circular disc used to seal the end of a pipe or vessel. Commonly used in general applications. Flat-Faced Blind Flange: Features a flat sealing surface, ideal for low-pressure systems. Raised Face Blind Flange: Includes a raised area around the center for improved sealing in higher pressure systems. Ring-Type Joint (RTJ) Blind Flange: Designed with a groove to accommodate a ring-type joint gasket, used for high-pressure applications, particularly in the oil and gas industry. Long Weld Neck Blind Flange: Features an extended neck for welding, providing additional strength and stability, commonly used in high-pressure or high-stress systems. Nominal Diameter: DIN 2527 Titanium Blind Flanges are available in a variety of nominal diameters (DN), typically ranging from DN10 (1/2 inch) up to DN600 (24 inches) or more, based on the application needs.

A DIN 2527 AISI 8630 blind flange is a specialized type of blind flange made from AISI 8630 alloy steel, designed according to the DIN 2527 German standard. Blind flanges are essential components in industrial piping systems, used to seal the end of a pipe, vessel, or valve to isolate it or prevent the flow of fluids. The AISI 8630 material used for this specific flange provides excellent strength, toughness, and wear resistance, making it ideal for applications in high-stress environments. Material: AISI 8630 Alloy Steel AISI 8630 is a low-alloy steel, enriched with nickel, chromium, and molybdenum for enhanced mechanical properties. It is known for its strength, toughness, and resistance to wear, making it suitable for heavy-duty applications, particularly in industries where components are subjected to high stress and pressure. Composition of AISI 8630: Carbon (C): 0.30% – 0.35% Provides strength and hardness. Chromium (Cr): 0.80% – 1.10% Improves hardness, wear resistance, and high-temperature strength. Molybdenum (Mo): 0.15% – 0.25% Enhances hardenability and resistance to wear. Nickel (Ni): 0.80% – 1.20% Adds toughness, especially at lower temperatures. Other elements: Small amounts of manganese (Mn), silicon (Si), and phosphorus (P), which improve the overall material quality and processing properties. Design and Dimensions (DIN 2527) Shape: The blind flange is a flat, circular plate with no central hole, designed to seal the open end of a pipe, valve, or vessel. Bolt Holes: The flange features evenly spaced bolt holes around the perimeter, which allow it to be securely attached to a matching flange or component. These holes align with the bolt pattern of the corresponding system components. Thickness: The thickness of the flange varies depending on the size and pressure rating, ensuring it can withstand internal pressure and provide a reliable seal. Pressure Rating: Pressure ratings are typically defined using classes such as PN 6, PN 10, PN 16, PN 25, etc., which represent the maximum pressure the flange can safely withstand without failure. Applications of DIN 2527 AISI 8630 Blind Flange Pipeline Sealing: The primary function of the blind flange is to seal the end of a pipeline, effectively preventing the passage of fluids, gases, or other materials. System Isolation: It is used to isolate sections of the pipeline for maintenance or repairs, allowing safe disconnection without compromising the integrity of the system. Pressure Containment: The high strength and durability of AISI 8630 make it suitable for applications where maintaining pressure within the system is critical, ensuring the flange can handle high-pressure environments. Types of Blind Flanges in DIN 2527 Blind flanges conforming to DIN 2527 can be found in different face types and sealing methods, including: Raised Face (RF): The flange surface has a slight raised area around the bolt circle, improving the seal when mated with a gasket. Flat Face (FF): The surface is level with the flange body and typically used with softer gaskets to create a seal. Ring Type Joint (RTJ): This type has a groove to accommodate a metal ring gasket, providing a secure seal in high-pressure applications. Conclusion A DIN 2527 AISI 8630 blind flange is a high-strength, durable sealing component designed for high-pressure and high-stress environments. Made from AISI 8630 alloy steel, it offers excellent mechanical properties such as strength, toughness, and wear resistance, making it ideal for use in industrial systems that require reliable seals under heavy loads and elevated temperatures.

Molybdenum plates are flat, solid sheets of molybdenum metal, renowned for their outstanding properties such as high temperature resistance, strength, and corrosion resistance. These plates are primarily used in demanding industrial applications where materials need to perform under extreme conditions. Key Features of Molybdenum Plates: o High Melting Point: Molybdenum has a very high melting point of about 2,623°C (4,753°F), which makes it ideal for use in high-temperature environments such as aerospace, metal processing, and furnace construction. o Strength and Durability: Molybdenum plates maintain excellent mechanical strength and can withstand heavy stress and pressure without deformation. This makes them suitable for structural components in industries like aerospace and manufacturing. o Corrosion and Oxidation Resistance: Molybdenum is highly resistant to corrosion, especially in high-temperature conditions, which makes molybdenum plates ideal for use in chemically aggressive environments such as chemical processing plants. o Thermal and Electrical Conductivity: Molybdenum has good thermal and electrical conductivity, making it an ideal material for specialized applications in electronics and electrical components, such as filaments, electrodes, and connectors. o Workability: Despite being a hard and brittle metal at room temperature, molybdenum can be processed into thin plates with precise dimensions and surface finishes, making it versatile for various applications. o Ductility at Elevated Temperatures: Molybdenum's ductility increases at higher temperatures, allowing it to be shaped and fabricated into complex parts for industrial use. Common Applications: o Aerospace and Aviation: Molybdenum plates are used in the production of heat shields, turbine blades, and components for jet engines due to their ability to withstand high temperatures and stress. o Chemical and Petrochemical Industries: Molybdenum plates are employed in the construction of reactors, furnace linings, and other equipment that needs to resist harsh chemical environments at high temperatures. o Electronics and Electrical Engineering: Molybdenum plates are used in applications like electrical contacts, semiconductors, and components for vacuum tubes and other high-performance electronic devices. o Metallurgical Industry: Molybdenum plates are often used in the manufacturing of steel alloys and other metals to enhance strength, durability, and resistance to high temperatures.

A Molybdenum Disc is a flat, circular-shaped piece of molybdenum metal, commonly used in various high-performance applications that require excellent thermal conductivity, high-temperature resistance, and mechanical strength. Molybdenum, a transition metal, is known for its outstanding properties, which make it suitable for demanding environments in industries such as aerospace, electronics, and metallurgy. Key Features of Molybdenum Discs: o High Melting Point: Molybdenum has a very high melting point of approximately 2,623°C (4,753°F), allowing it to perform under extreme temperatures without losing its structural integrity. This makes it ideal for high-temperature applications like aerospace and industrial furnaces. o Excellent Strength and Durability: Molybdenum discs possess superior mechanical strength, maintaining their rigidity and resilience under stress. They can withstand heavy loads and maintain their shape even in harsh working conditions. o Corrosion and Oxidation Resistance: Molybdenum discs are highly resistant to oxidation and corrosion, especially at elevated temperatures. This property makes them suitable for use in chemical processing, reactors, and other environments prone to corrosive elements. o Thermal and Electrical Conductivity: Molybdenum exhibits good thermal and electrical conductivity, which is particularly useful in applications requiring efficient heat transfer and electrical performance, such as in electronics or semiconductor manufacturing. o Workability: Molybdenum is a tough, but ductile metal at high temperatures, allowing molybdenum discs to be fabricated with high precision into specific dimensions, surface finishes, and designs tailored to particular industrial needs. o Versatility: Molybdenum discs can be customized to different diameters, thicknesses, and surface finishes, making them adaptable for a wide range of applications. Common Applications: o Aerospace Industry: Molybdenum discs are used in components such as heat shields, rocket nozzles, and turbine blades due to their ability to endure high temperatures and mechanical stress. o Electronics and Electrical Applications: Molybdenum discs are employed in the manufacture of electrical contacts, filaments, and electrodes. Their good electrical conductivity and resistance to high temperatures make them valuable for vacuum tubes, semiconductors, and other electronic devices. o Chemical Processing: Molybdenum discs are used in the construction of equipment for the chemical and petrochemical industries, including reactors, heat exchangers, and other high-temperature processing units due to their corrosion and oxidation resistance.

A tungsten-copper disc is a circular, flat-shaped component made from a composite material that blends the high density and strength of tungsten (W) with the excellent thermal and electrical conductivity of copper (Cu). This alloy is designed to provide a combination of the properties required in high-performance applications, especially where both heat resistance and conductivity are essential. Tungsten-copper discs are commonly used in industries like aerospace, electronics, manufacturing, and medical technologies. Properties: · Density: Tungsten-copper discs have a high density, which lies between the densities of pure tungsten and pure copper. This makes the material suitable for applications requiring high mass or weight, such as counterweights or radiation shielding. · Color and Appearance: Tungsten-copper discs typically have a metallic gray or brownish color, which reflects the tungsten content, while the copper content may give a reddish hue to the surface. The surface can be smooth or finished depending on the manufacturing and machining processes. · Thickness and Diameter: Tungsten-copper discs can be manufactured in a wide range of diameters and thicknesses. Custom sizes can be created to meet specific design and performance requirements. Applications of Tungsten-Copper Disc: · Electrical Contacts: Tungsten-copper discs are used in electrical contacts for high-voltage circuits, commutators, and other components that need to handle high current while effectively managing heat. · Heat Sinks: The high thermal conductivity of tungsten-copper alloys makes these discs ideal for heat dissipation in electronic devices and power electronics that generate large amounts of heat. · Radiation Shielding: Tungsten-copper discs are often used in radiation shielding applications, such as in X-ray machines or CT scanners, where both the high density (for radiation shielding) and heat dissipation properties are essential. · Heat Shields and Components: The high density and heat resistance make tungsten-copper discs ideal for aerospace applications, such as rocket nozzles, heat shields, and re-entry vehicle components.